1. Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 e-mail:
2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale e dei Materiali (DICAM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy e-mail:
3. Honorary Mem. ASME Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005-1827 e-mail: