1. School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shabei Street, Chongqing 400045, China e-mail:
2. Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Embankment Engineering, Ministry of Education; Geotechnical Research Institute, Hohai University, Xi kang Road 1, Nanjing 210098, China e-mail:
3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A #07-03, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 117576 e-mail:
4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk E1A #07-03 1, Engineering Drive 2, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 117576 e-mail: