Effect of Large Temperature Gradients on Convective Heat Transfer: The Downstream Region

Abstract

The results of an experimental investigation of the frictional and heat transfer effects in air, nitrogen, and helium in steady, turbulent flow in round tubes are presented. Wall-to-bulk temperature ratios extend from near unity to 2.5, entering Reynolds numbers from 15,000 to 233,000. Dependence of the thermodynamic and transport properties on temperature is shown to be significant in both heat transfer and wall friction and is reflected in the empirical correlations for local and average coefficients which are developed. The results of other investigators who have analyzed or measured variable properties effects are recalculated where necessary to facilitate comparisons.