1. Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada e-mail:
2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada e-mail:
3. Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada e-mail:
4. Professor Emeritus Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada e-mail: