1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Roberts Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3111
3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Roberts Engineering Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 e-mail: