The need for reference specimens in zoological taxonomy and nomenclature

Abstract

A debate is currently developing among zootaxonomists: its purpose is to clarify whether or not the current Code should be amended in order to make the deposition of at least one nomen-bearer (‘name-bearing type’) in a permanent collection compulsory so as to provide nomenclatural availability to the nomina of new species or subspecies. Recent papers published in Nature and Zootaxa strongly suggest that an overwhelming majority of practicing taxonomists from around the world are in favour of such a change. Arguments for and against it are presented here and the need for this change is supported without restriction. An intermediate solution is however proposed: after a starting date which should be agreed upon and established, a general Rule requiring deposition of at least one specimen should be introduced and approved. However the possibility should also exist to apply for permission to describe new taxa without specimens in exceptional cases, provided relevant data are furnished to justify this request. This decision should not be left to individual zoologists, whether authors, referees or editors, but should be taken by a special international committee of experts dedicated to this task. Another question discussed here concerns the conditions that should be specified by the Code regarding collections where nomen-bearers of the new taxa are deposited, their permanency and accessibility to taxonomists. Precise new formulations are proposed for the Articles of the Code and the entries in its ‘Glossary’ concerned with such changes. Of course, the proposed changes should not be retroactive, so as not to upset the nomenclatural status of nomina established before their starting date.