Changing phytoplankton phenology in the marginal ice zone west of the Antarctic Peninsula

Author:

Turner JS1,Dierssen H1,Schofield O2,Kim HH3,Stammerjohn S4,Munro DR45,Kavanaugh M6

Affiliation:

1. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT 06340, USA

2. Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA

3. Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02453, USA

4. Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

6. College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA

Abstract

Climate change is altering global ocean phenology, the timing of annually occurring biological events. We examined the changing phenology of the phytoplankton accumulation season west of the Antarctic Peninsula to show that blooms are shifting later in the season over time in ice-associated waters. The timing of the start date and peak date of the phytoplankton accumulation season occurred later over time from 1997 to 2022 in the marginal ice zone and over the continental shelf. A divergence was seen between offshore waters and ice-associated waters, with offshore bloom timing becoming earlier, yet marginal ice zone and continental shelf bloom timing shifting later. Higher chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in the fall season was seen in recent years, especially over the northern continental shelf. Minimal long-term trends in annual chl a occurred, likely due to the combination of later start dates in spring and higher chl a in fall. Increasing spring wind speed is the most likely mechanism for later spring start dates, leading to deeper wind mixing in a region experiencing sea ice loss. Later phytoplankton bloom timing over the marginal ice zone and continental shelf will have consequences for surface ocean carbon uptake, food web dynamics, and trophic cascades.

Publisher

Inter-Research Science Center

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