1. 1) B. Chalmers: Principles of Solidification, (Jhon Wiley & Sons Inc. New York) (1964) pp. 126–185.
2. 2) E. Scheil: Z. Metallk. 34 (1942) 70.
3. 3) W. G. Pfann: Trans. AIME 236 (1966) 615.
4. 4) M. C. Flemings: Solidification Processing, (Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland) (1986) p. 31.
5. 5) W. Kurz and D. J. Fisher: Fundamentals of Solidification, (Trans Tech Publications Ltd.) (1986) p. 121.