β-galactosidase in prebiotic synthesis: A review

Abstract

β-galactosidases (EC3.2.1.23) are among the most promising glycosidases with both hydrolytic and trans-glycosylation activities. β-galactosidases have historically been used to break down lactose in dairy products, helping those who are lactose intolerant. Attractively, under specific in vitro conditions, β-galactosidases show glycosyl transfer activity. They are able to synthesize carbohydrates easily, effectively and sustainably from inexpensive starting materials. Lactose, which is hydrolyzed by β-galactosidases, results in a variety of trans-galactosylation products called galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) which have been shown to have a number of health effects as prebiotics. Prebiotics are indigestible substances that have a major positive impact on the health of their hosts. Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are structurally related to oligosaccharides found in human milk and have excellent prebiotic benefits. Scientists are seeking to industrially produce prebiotics because meals naturally contain small amounts of fructo- and galacto-oligosaccharides. This review emphasizes the value of β-galactosidases in prebiotic synthesis while concentrating on diverse sources of the enzyme.