Groundwater resource exploration and mapping methods: a review

Abstract

Groundwater, a vital resource for various human activities and ecosystems, necessitates efficient management and sustainable utilisation. Groundwater potential zone mapping plays a pivotal role in identifying areas where groundwater resources are abundant, thereby aiding decision makers in optimal resource allocation. This review paper presents an in-depth analysis of diverse methods employed for groundwater potential zone mapping, offering a comprehensive overview of their strengths, weaknesses and recent advancements. The review covers traditional methods rooted in hydrogeological principles, as well as modern techniques that harness the power of geospatial technologies and machine learning. Furthermore, the paper explores the integration of remote sensing and geographic information systems for spatial data analysis, emphasising their role in enhancing the accuracy of potential zone mapping. In the context of recent advancements, the review sheds light on the emergence of hybrid methods that combine the strengths of multiple approaches, resulting in improved prediction accuracy and robustness. Challenges associated with each method, such as data quality, model complexity and interpretability, are critically examined, providing insights into the potential limitations and avenues for improvement. The review also emphasises the importance of validation and uncertainty assessment, ensuring the reliability of potential zone mapping results. Finally, this review paper serves as a comprehensive guide for researchers, practitioners and policymakers engaged in groundwater resource management. By offering a holistic understanding of the diverse methods available for groundwater potential zone mapping, this paper contributes to informed decision making and the advancement of sustainable groundwater-management practices.