Performance of plain and slag-blended cements and mortars exposed to combined chloride–sulfate solution

Abstract

The durability of reinforced concrete structures exposed to aggressive environments remains a challenge to both researchers and the construction industry. This study investigates the hydration, mechanical properties and durability characteristics of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) – blended cements and mortars exposed to a combined sodium chloride–sulfate environment, at temperatures of 20°C and 38°C. The conditions were chosen so as to assess the performance of slag blends under typical temperate and warm tropical marine climatic conditions. Slags with calcium oxide-to-silicon dioxide ratios of 1·05 and 0·94, were blended with CEM I 52.5R at 30% replacement level to study the influence of slag composition and temperature. Parallel control tests were carried out with CEM I 42.5R. Pastes and mortar samples were cast using 0·5 water-to-binder ratio, pre-cured for 7 d in water before exposure. Flexural strengths were determined when the samples were 7, 28 or 90 d old. Hydration was followed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis and calorimetry. Also, sorptivity, gas permeability and chloride diffusion tests were carried out on mortar samples to measure transport and durability characteristics. The results show improved mechanical and transport properties for slag blended cements exposed to environments rich in sodium chloride and sulfate.