1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
2. Laboratory of Emergency Medical Services, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
3. 119 EMS Division, National Fire Agency, Sejong, Korea.
4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
5. Yeongnam 119 Special Rescue Service, National 119 Rescue Headquarter, Daegu, Korea.