Study of the AlS4Pc–Polylysine Ion Pair, a Red-Fluorescent Probe: Its High Specificity, Large Concentration Range Response to Bismuth Ion, and Application

Abstract

Tetrasulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlS4Pc), a strongly red-emitting compound, shows high detection sensitivity, little effect of photobleaching, and photochemical stability, making it an excellent red-fluorescent probe. We have observed that in acid media, a low concentration of poly-L-lysine (PLL) has a strong fluorescence-quenching effect on AlS4Pc, forming the ion-pair complex as AlS4Pc-PLL with almost no fluorescence. However, in the presence of Bi3+, the fluorescence of AlS4Pc-PLL dramatically recovers and the emission is visual because of the remarkable recovery. Screening experiments with other metal ions reveal that only Bi3+ can restore the fluorescence of the AlS4Pc-PLL complex. The presence of other metal ions does not result in the recovery of fluorescence, indicating the high specificity of the response to Bi3+ of AlS4Pc-PLL. This is the key finding of the present study. It was also observed that the response to Bi3+ of AlS4Pc-PLL exhibits a linear relationship over a large concentration range (three orders of magnitude). Based on these findings, we have established a new quantitative analysis method for Bi3+ with high specificity and high sensitivity, using the ion-pair AlS4Pc-PLL complex as a red-fluorescent probe, and we discuss the reaction mechanism. The detection limit of this method is 0.0021 mg L−1. The linear relationship applies to the range of 0.007–34.9 mg L−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9993. The method established addresses the complex operation and time-consuming problems in traditional methods and is thus suitable for real applications. Satisfactory results have been obtained when the method was applied to the measurement of real samples. This study further expands the scope of new applications of phthalocyanine-based red-fluorescent probes in analytical sciences.