Preferred Interpersonal Distances: A Global Comparison

Author:

Sorokowska Agnieszka1,Sorokowski Piotr1,Hilpert Peter2,Cantarero Katarzyna3,Frackowiak Tomasz1,Ahmadi Khodabakhsh4,Alghraibeh Ahmad M.5,Aryeetey Richmond6,Bertoni Anna7,Bettache Karim8,Blumen Sheyla9,Błażejewska Marta1,Bortolini Tiago1011,Butovskaya Marina121314,Castro Felipe Nalon15,Cetinkaya Hakan16,Cunha Diana17,David Daniel18,David Oana A.18,Dileym Fahd A.5,Domínguez Espinosa Alejandra del Carmen19,Donato Silvia7,Dronova Daria12,Dural Seda20,Fialová Jitka21,Fisher Maryanne22,Gulbetekin Evrim23,Hamamcıoğlu Akkaya Aslıhan24,Hromatko Ivana25,Iafrate Raffaella7,Iesyp Mariana26,James Bawo27,Jaranovic Jelena28,Jiang Feng29,Kimamo Charles Obadiah30,Kjelvik Grete31,Koç Fırat24,Laar Amos6,de Araújo Lopes Fívia15,Macbeth Guillermo32,Marcano Nicole M.33,Martinez Rocio34,Mesko Norbert35,Molodovskaya Natalya1,Moradi Khadijeh36,Motahari Zahrasadat37,Mühlhauser Alexandra38,Natividade Jean Carlos39,Ntayi Joseph40,Oberzaucher Elisabeth38,Ojedokun Oluyinka41,Omar-Fauzee Mohd Sofian Bin42,Onyishi Ike E.43,Paluszak Anna1,Portugal Alda17,Razumiejczyk Eugenia32,Realo Anu4445,Relvas Ana Paula17,Rivas Maria46,Rizwan Muhammad47,Salkičević Svjetlana25,Sarmány-Schuller Ivan48,Schmehl Susanne38,Senyk Oksana26,Sinding Charlotte49,Stamkou Eftychia50,Stoyanova Stanislava51,Šukolová Denisa52,Sutresna Nina53,Tadinac Meri25,Teras Andero54,Tinoco Ponciano Edna Lúcia55,Tripathi Ritu56,Tripathi Nachiketa57,Tripathi Mamta57,Uhryn Olja58,Yamamoto Maria Emília15,Yoo Gyesook59,Pierce John D.33

Affiliation:

1. University of Wroclaw, Poland

2. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

3. SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland

4. Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

5. King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

6. University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana

7. Catholic University of Milan, Italy

8. The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

9. Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú, Lima, Peru

10. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

11. D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

12. Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS, Moscow, Russia

13. Russian State University for the Humanities, Russia

14. Moscow State University, Russia

15. Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil

16. Ankara University, Turkey

17. University of Coimbra, Portugal

18. Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

19. Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico

20. Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey

21. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

22. Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

23. Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

24. Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey

25. University of Zagreb, Croatia

26. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Ukraine

27. Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria

28. University of Belgrade, Serbia

29. Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China

30. University of Nairobi, Kenya

31. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

32. National University of Entre Rios, Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina

33. Philadelphia University, PA, USA

34. University of Granada, Spain

35. University of Pécs, Hungary

36. Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

37. University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran

38. University of Vienna, Austria

39. Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

40. Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda

41. Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria

42. Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia

43. University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

44. University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

45. University of Tartu, Estonia

46. Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia

47. University of Karachi, Pakistan

48. Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia

49. TU Dresden, Germany

50. University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

51. South-West University “Neofit Rilski,” Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria

52. Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Slovakia

53. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia

54. Mõttemaru OÜ, Tartu, Estonia

55. Rio de Janeiro State University, Brazil

56. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, India

57. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India

58. Lviv State University of Internal Affairs, Ukraine

59. Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea

Abstract

Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set ( N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interpersonal distances in different regions, which might be used as a reference data point in future studies.

Funder

Grantová Agentura české Republiky

Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education

Narodowe Centrum Nauki

Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University

Grant Agency of Czech Republic

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Anthropology,Cultural Studies,Social Psychology

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