Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations

Author:

Bosson Jennifer K.1ORCID,Jurek Paweł2ORCID,Vandello Joseph A.1,Kosakowska-Berezecka Natasza2,Olech Michał2,Besta Tomasz2,Bender Michael34,Hoorens Vera5,Becker Maja6,Timur Sevincer A.7,Best Deborah L.8,Safdar Saba9,Włodarczyk Anna10,Zawisza Magdalena11,Żadkowska Magdalena2,Abuhamdeh Sami12,Badu Agyemang Collins13,Akbaş Gülçin14,Albayrak-Aydemir Nihan15,Ammirati Soline16,Anderson Joel1718,Anjum Gulnaz19,Ariyanto Amarina20,Jamir Benzon R. Aruta John21,Ashraf Mujeeba22,Bakaitytė Aistė23,Bertolli Chiara24,Bërxulli Dashamir25,Bi Chongzeng26,Block Katharina27,Boehnke Mandy28,Bongiorno Renata29,Bosak Janine30,Casini Annalisa31,Chen Qingwei32,Chi Peilian33,Cubela Adoric Vera34,Daalmans Serena35,Dandy Justine36,Lemus Soledad de37,Dhakal Sandesh38,Dvorianchikov Nikolay39,Egami Sonoko40,Etchezahar Edgardo41,Sofia Esteves Carla42,Felix Neto43,Froehlich Laura44,Garcia-Sanchez Efrain45,Gavreliuc Alin46,Gavreliuc Dana46,Gomez Ángel47,Guizzo Francesca24,Graf Sylvie48,Greijdanus Hedy49,Grigoryan Ani50,Grzymała-Moszczyńska Joanna51,Guerch Keltouma52,Gustafsson Sendén Marie53,Hale Miriam-Linnea54,Hämer Hannah55,Hirai Mika56,Hoang Duc Lam57,Hřebíčková Martina48,Hutchings Paul B.58,Høj Jensen Dorthe59,Jasinskaja-Lahti Inga60,Karabati Serdar61,Kelmendi Kaltrina25,Kengyel Gabriella62,Khachatryan Narine50,Ghazzawi Rawan63,Kinahan Mary64,Kirby Teri A.29,Kovács Monika65,Kozlowski Desiree66,Krivoshchekov Vladislav67,Kulich Clara68,Kurosawa Tai69,Thi Lac An Nhan57,Labarthe Javier70,Latu Ioana71,Anne Lauri Mary72,Mankowski Eric73,Musbau Lawal Abiodun74,Li Junyi75,Lindner Jana76,Lindqvist Anna77,Maitner Angela T.78,Makarova Elena76,Makashvili Ana79,Malayeri Shera67,Malik Sadia80,Mancini Tiziana81,Manzi Claudia82,Mari Silvia83,Martiny Sarah E.84,Mayer Claude-Hélène85,Mihić Vladimir86,Milošević Đorđević Jasna87,Moreno-Bella Eva37,Moscatelli Silvia88,Bryan Moynihan Andrew89,Muller Dominique16,Narhetali Erita20,Neto Félix90,Noels Kimberly A.91,Nyúl Boglárka65,O’Connor Emma C.73,Ochoa Danielle P.92,Ohno Sachiko93,Olanrewaju Adebayo Sulaiman94,Osborne Randall95,Giuseppina Pacilli Maria96,Palacio Jorge97,Patnaik Snigdha98,Pavlopoulos Vassilis99,Pérez de León Pablo90,Piterová Ivana100,Barreiros Porto Juliana55,Puzio Angelica27,Pyrkosz-Pacyna Joanna101,Rentería Pérez Erico102,Renström Emma103,Rousseaux Tiphaine6,Ryan Michelle K.2949,Sainz Mario104,Salvati Marco105,Samekin Adil106,Schindler Simon107,Seydi Masoumeh108,Shepherd Debra109,Sherbaji Sara78,Schmader Toni110,Simão Cláudia111,Sobhie Rosita112,Souza Lucille De110,Sarter Emma31,Sulejmanović Dijana113,Sullivan Katie E.58,Tatsumi Mariko114,Tavitian-Elmadjian Lucy63,Jain Thakur Suparna115,Thi Mong Chi Quang57,Torre Beatriz92,Torres Ana116,Torres Claudio V.55,Türkoğlu Beril117,Ungaretti Joaquín41,Valshtein Timothy27,Van Laar Colette5,van der Noll Jolanda44,Vasiutynskyi Vadym118,Vauclair Christin-Melanie42,Venäläinen Satu60,Vohra Neharika119,Walentynowicz Marta31,Ward Colleen120,Yang Yaping121,Yzerbyt Vincent31,Zanello Valeska55,Ludmila Zapata-Calvente Antonella37,Žukauskienė Rita23

Affiliation:

1. University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

2. University of Gdansk, Poland

3. Tilburg University, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands

4. Gratia Christian College, Hong Kong

5. University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium

6. Université de Toulouse, France

7. University of Hamburg, Germany

8. Wake Forest University, USA

9. University of Guelph, Canada

10. Universidad Católica del Norte, Chile

11. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

12. Istanbul Sehir University, Turkey

13. University of Ghana, Ghana

14. Atilim University, Turkey

15. London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

16. Université Grenoble Alpes, France

17. Australian Catholic University, Australia

18. La Trobe University, Australia

19. Institute of Business Administration Karachi, Pakistan

20. University of Indonesia, Indonesia

21. De La Salle University, Philippines

22. University of the Punjab, Pakistan

23. Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania

24. University of Padova, Italy

25. University of Prishtina, Kosovo

26. Southwest University, China

27. New York University, USA

28. University of Bremen, Germany

29. University of Exeter, UK

30. Dublin City University, Ireland

31. Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium

32. South China Normal University, China

33. University of Macau, China

34. University of Zadar, Croatia

35. Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands

36. Edith Cowan University, Australia

37. University of Granada, Spain

38. Tribhuvan University, Nepal

39. Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Russia

40. Shiraume Gakuen University, Japan

41. University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

42. Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisboa, Portugal

43. Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Portugal

44. FernUniversität in Hagen, Germany

45. University of Granada, Colombia

46. West University of Timisoara, Romania

47. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain

48. Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic

49. University of Groningen, Netherlands

50. Yerevan State University, Armenia

51. Jagiellonian University, Poland

52. CRMEF (Centre Régional des métiers de l’Education et de la Formation) Oujda, Morocco

53. Stockholm University, Sweden

54. University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg

55. University of Brasilia, Brazil

56. Yokohama City University, Japan

57. Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

58. University of Wales Trinity Saint David, UK

59. Aarhus University, Denmark

60. University of Helsinki, Finland

61. Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey

62. Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Hungary

63. Haigazian University, Lebanon

64. Technological University Dublin, Ireland

65. Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary

66. Southern Cross University, Australia

67. University of Bern, Switzerland

68. University of Geneva, Switzerland

69. Ibaraki Christian University, Japan

70. Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Uruguay

71. Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK

72. University of Malta, Malta

73. Portland State University, USA

74. Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

75. Sichuan Normal University, China

76. University of Basel, Switzerland

77. Lund University, Sweden

78. American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

79. Ilia State University, Georgia

80. University of Sargodha, Pakistan

81. University of Parma, Italy

82. Catholic University of Milan, Italy

83. University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

84. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway

85. University of Johannesburg, South Africa

86. University of Novi Sad, Serbia

87. Singindunum University, Serbia

88. University of Bologna, Italy

89. University of Limerick, Ireland

90. Universidade do Porto, Portugal

91. University of Alberta, Canada

92. University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines

93. Shirayuri University, Japan

94. Ekiti State University, Nigeria

95. Texas State University, USA

96. University of Perugia, Italy

97. Universidad del Norte, Colombia

98. Xavier University of Bhubaneswar, India

99. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

100. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia

101. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland

102. University of Valle, Colombia

103. University of Gothenburg, Sweden

104. University of Monterrey, Mexico

105. Sapienza University of Rome, Italy

106. International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan

107. University of Kassel, Germany

108. Semnan University, Iran

109. Stellenbosch University, South Africa

110. The University of British Columbia, Canada

111. Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics, Portugal

112. Universiteit van Suriname, Suriname

113. University of Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina

114. Osaka Prefecture University, Japan

115. University of Delhi, India

116. Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil

117. Ankara Medipol University, Turkey

118. National Academy of Educational Sciences, Ukraine

119. Indian Institute of Management, India

120. Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

121. Ningbo University, China

Abstract

Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions ( N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB’s distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Anthropology,Cultural Studies,Social Psychology

Reference21 articles.

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