Novel ketamine analogues cause a false positive phencyclidine immunoassay

Abstract

Background Immunoassays are commonly used to test for drugs of abuse in patients in a variety of settings. The increasing prevalence of ‘designer’ drugs causes difficulties for the toxicology laboratory and may result in unexpected false positives and identification of unfamiliar compounds. Within the past decade, there have been a variety of ketamine and phencyclidine analogues identified, particularly as drugs of abuse. Method We present a case of intoxication with a novel ketamine analogue, deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, causing a false positive phencyclidine immunoassay. Additionally, we performed spiking studies and 2D molecular similarity calculations for deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, ketamine and three other analogues on the Siemens Viva-E EMIT-II phencyclidine assay to assess their cross-reactivity. Results Four of the tested compounds (deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, 3-methoxy-phencyclidine, 3-methoxy-eticyclidine and methoxetamine) cause false positive phencyclidine immunoassay results, while ketamine gives a negative result. The cross-reactivity data are in accord with the similarity calculations of these molecules, further validating the ability of 2D molecular similarity analysis to predict the molecular cross-reactivity in immunoassays. Conclusions The cross-reactivity data of phencyclidine and ketamine analogues presented in this study could help toxicology laboratories and clinicians in evaluating unexpected results, particularly when novel PCP and ketamine analogues are being considered.