Safety of long-term clozapine administration. Frequency of cardiomyopathy and hyponatraemia: Two cross-sectional, naturalistic studies

Abstract

Background: The antipsychotic drug (APD) clozapine (CLZ) is under-prescribed because of concerns about its safety. We evaluated in separate protocols the frequency of cardiomyopathy and hyponatraemia, which are adverse drug effects, where few comparative studies are available. Methods: Cross-sectional studies in subjects treated for at least 3 consecutive months with the same drug were conducted. Cardiomyopathy: Patients undergoing treatment either with CLZ ( n = 125) or with other typical or atypical APDs ( n = 59) were examined by a cardiologist who also recorded echocardiograms and electrocardiograms in order to diagnose cardiomyopathy. Hyponatraemia: Fasting sodium levels were assessed in patients receiving any of the following treatments: CLZ ( n = 88), other atypical APDs ( n = 61), typical APDs ( n = 23), typical + atypical APDs ( n = 11), and other drugs/drug-free ( n = 36). Results: Cardiomyopathy: No case of cardiomyopathy was detected. The frequency of abnormal ventricular ejection fraction (< 55%) was similar in both treatment groups ( p = 1). Hyponatraemia: The frequency of hyponatraemia (percentage; 95% CI) was: CLZ (3.4%; –0.7, 7.1); other atypical APDs (4.9%; –0.5, 10.3); typical APDs (26.1%; 8.2, 44.0); typical + atypical APDs (9.1%; –7.8, 26.0); other drugs/drug-free (0%). None of the CLZ hyponatraemia subjects were on monotherapy. Conclusions: Our results are at odds with previous studies of CLZ-associated cardiomyopathy. However, they must be compared to further cross-sectional or prospective studies because most published data come from either case reports or pharmacovigilance systems. The frequency of hyponatraemia during CLZ administration was similar to that observed with other atypical APDs, and it was significantly lower than that recorded with typical agents. These results, along with numerous case reports on the effects of CLZ in patients with polydipsia and water intoxication, point to a safe or even positive profile of CLZ on electrolytic regulation.