Television and drinking expectancies: the influence of television viewing on positive drinking expectanc and alcohol use among US and Norwegian adolescents: a comparative analysis

Abstract

Objective Exposure to incidental portrayals of drinking on television and cleverly crafted advertisements has been linked to the development of positive alcohol expectancies in children and teenagers. Researchers hoping to demonstrate this connection, however, have difficultly in finding adolescent groups with little or no exposure to alcohol advertising for comparative purposes. One of the cornerstones of Norwegian alcohol policy has been a government-enacted ban on all forms of advertising for alcohol products containing more than 2.5% alcohol by volume. As a consequence, Norwegian youth have almost no experience with alcohol advertising. This study represents a comparative analysis of Norwegian and US teenagers that seeks to improve our understanding of television's and alcohol advertising's potential role in shaping attitudes about alcohol. Method Self-report data on television viewing, normative beliefs about teenage drinking, and alcohol expectancies were collected from convenience samples of 972 junior high students in the US and 622 junior high students in Norway. Results Although students in both countries watch about the same amount of television and about equal numbers have tried alcohol, the Norwegian students were more likely to see drinking as a normal teenage behavior and to have more positive outcome expectancies. For students from both countries who had no personal experience with alcohol, frequent television viewers were more likely than light viewers to see drinking as a normative behavior with positive outcomes. This was particularly true for Norwegian students who viewed large amount of US and British programs as well as music videos. Conclusion The absence of alcohol advertising in Norway may be overshadowed by the general cultural acceptance of adolescent and young adult drinking. For students with no personal experience with alcohol, however, television may be functioning as an important socializing agent, providing them with portrayals of drinking behaviors, cultivating normative beliefs, and presenting opportunities to cognitively model and rehearse the behaviors shown.