Surgical Management of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Fracture-Dislocations: A Review of Outcomes

Abstract

Background: Treatment of proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) fracture-dislocations is difficult given the potential long-term complications of the involved finger and entire hand. Several surgical methods have been utilized for management of these injuries, none of which have shown consistently favorable results. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to report the post-operative outcomes of multiple treatment modalities for PIPJ fracture-dislocations in various studies. Methods: A literature review of PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed for all articles on PIPJ fracture-dislocations. Outcomes of interest included PIPJ range of motion, grip strength (% of contralateral hand), and quick disabilities of arm, shoulder, hand (QuickDASH). Articles were distributed into 5 groups by surgical method: open reduction, percutaneous fixation, dynamic external fixation, extension-block pinning, and hemi-hamate arthroplasty. Results: Forty-eight of 1679 total screened articles were included. The weighted means of post-operative range of motion (ROM; degrees) at final follow-up were open reduction 84.7 (n = 146), percutaneous fixation 86.5 (n = 32), dynamic external fixation 81.7 (n = 389), extension-block pinning 83.6 (n = 85), and hemi-hamate arthroplasty 79.3 (n = 52). Dorsal fracture-dislocations, regardless of surgical method, had an average ROM of 83.2 (n = 321), grip strength 91% (n = 132), and QuickDASH of 6.6 (n = 59) while pilon injuries had an average ROM of 80.2 (n = 48), grip strength 100% (n = 13), and QuickDASH of 11.4 (n = 13). Conclusion: Percutaneous fixation yielded the highest post-operative ROM at final follow-up while extension-block pinning resulted in the greatest grip strength. While dorsal fracture-dislocations produced higher average ROM and lower QuickDASH score, pilon fractures produced a higher grip strength. No treatment method or fracture type yielded consistently better outcomes than another.