Mechanical Evaluation of Four Internal Fixation Constructs for Scaphoid Fractures

Abstract

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical performance of 4 different constructs for fixation of oblique scaphoid fractures. Methods: Twenty-eight synthetic scaphoids underwent an oblique osteotomy along the dorsal sulcus. Each was randomly assigned to fixation by 1 of 4 methods: two 1.5-mm headless compression screws, one 2.2-mm screw, one 3-mm screw, or a 1.5-mm volar variable-angle plate. After fixation, scaphoids were potted at a 45° angle and loaded at the distal pole by a hydraulically driven mechanical testing system plunger until the fixation failed. Excursion and load were measured with a differential transformer and load cell, respectively. From these data, the stiffness, load-to-failure, and maximum displacement of each construct were calculated. Results: The 2.2-mm screw demonstrated the highest stiffness and the two 1.5-mm screws had the lowest. However, there were no significant differences among the fixation methods in terms of stiffness. Both 2.2- and 3-mm screw constructs had significantly higher loads-to-failure than two 1.5-mm screws. The maximum load for the plate approached, but did not achieve, statistical significance compared with the 1.5-mm screws. There was no significant difference among constructs in displacement. Conclusions: All constructs demonstrated similar mechanical properties that may provide sufficient stability for effective clinical use. Given their significantly higher loads-to-failure, a 2.2- or 3-mm screw may be superior to two 1.5-mm screws for fixation of unstable scaphoid fractures. The volar plate did not have superior mechanical characteristics to the compression screws.