An Analysis of Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Groove Morphology and Tendon Instability

Abstract

Background: The extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon has a distinct subsheath at the distal ulna. Symptomatic tears of this subsheath and subluxation of the ECU tendon often require reconstruction. We sought to determine the anatomical constraints of the ECU subsheath. Methods: The ECU subsheath was exposed on 12 fresh-frozen upper extremities. The tip of the ulnar styloid, the distal ulnar joint surface, and the proximal extent of the distal radio-ulnar joint were identified and dimensions measured. Subluxation of the tendon was then assessed with and without an intact subsheath in 9 specimens. The travel of the tendon was measured in pronation through supination and flexion before and after sectioning of the subsheath. Results: The ECU subsheath is 8.9 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 0.8 mm) wide proximally and 9.0 mm (SD = 1.2 mm) distally. The distal ulnar insertion is 0.5 mm (SD = 0.8 mm) proximal to the tip of the styloid, and stretches 10.2 mm (SD = 2.7 mm) proximally. From maximum pronation to maximum supination and flexion, the ECU tendon traveled 3.32 mm (SD = 4.24) medially when the subsheath was intact and 5.42 mm (SD = 5.0 mm) after sectioning. The maximum depth of the ulnar groove was 2.5 mm (1.59-3.56 mm). There was no significant association between changes in ECU subluxation and the depth of the ECU groove (Spearman’s rho = 0.25). Conclusion: The ECU subsheath is roughly 1 cm square stretching proximally from the ulnar styloid. ECU groove depth is not a significant independent predictor of tendon subluxation.