Effect of Contact Area Size on Enamel and Composite Wear

Abstract

The effect of contact area dimensions on the wear of composite specimens and their opposing enamel cusps was evaluated in vitro. Thirty-six standardized cylindrical composite specimens were placed into metal cavities (8 mm x 2 mm) and divided randomly into five groups. The composite used was a fine-particle hybrid and was stressed as follows: storage in 75% aqueous ethanol solution for 24 h, toothbrush/toothpaste-abrasion for 30 min, followed by 300 thermal cycles in water ranging from 5° to 55°C and simultaneous 120,000 occlusal chewing loads at a frequency of 1.7 Hz at 53 N maximum force. In group 1 (n = 12), the occlusal chewing loads were applied by palatal cusps of extracted human maxillary molars with natural morphology. In groups 2 to 5 (n = 6), the cusp tips had standardized contact area dimensions of 0.26, 0.38, 1.18, and 4.10 mm2, respectively. Wear of composite specimens and antagonistic enamel cusps (means ± SD) was assessed in μm by means of a 3-D scanner. Additionally, the contact surfaces of the restorations and of the antagonistic enamel cusps were evaluated by SEM. Increases in enamel contact areas after being loaded were measured by means of a digitizer and expressed in percent of the initial size before stress exposure. The wear of the composite specimens varied from 69.8 ± 19.9 to 9.5 ± 3.6 μm, and that of antagonistic enamel cusps from 31.3 ± 3.4 to 8.8 ± 1.5 μm. The increase in contact area varied between 27.8 and 0.1%. Composite and antagonistic enamel wore significantly (p < 0.001, ANOVA, Scheffe) less with increased contact area dimensions. The most severe disintegration of the composite was found in specimens occluding with the smallest enamel contact area. The extent of wear and the wear mechanisms were related to the chewing pressure, which in turn was governed by the contact area dimension.