Elevated Systemic Concentrations of Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM) are Not Reflected in the Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Smokers with Periodontitis

Abstract

Raised serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in smokers could have immunomodulatory effects in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to compare serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentrations of sICAM-1 in smokers and non-smokers with periodontal disease. sICAM-1 in serum and GCF collected from age- and gender-matched smokers (n = 14) and non-smokers (n = 14) with periodontitis were measured by ELISA. Mean serum sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly elevated in smokers (331 ng mL-1), compared with non-smokers (238 ng mL-1, p = 0.008). However, the concentration of sICAM-1 in the GCF was significantly lower in the smokers (83 ng mL -1), compared with non-smokers (212 ng mL-1, p = 0.013). The difference between concentrations of sICAM-1 in GCF and serum was significant only in smokers (p < 0.001). Since GCF is a serum-derived tissue exudate, these results suggest that, in smokers, circulating sICAM-1 molecules are affected either in their passage from the periodontal microvasculature or within the periodontal tissues.