Unsupervised Clustering of Olfactory Phenotypes

Author:

Schlosser Rodney J.1ORCID,Dubno Judy R.1ORCID,Eckert Mark A.1ORCID,Benitez Andreana M.2,Gregoski Matthew3,Ramakrishnan Viswanathan3,Matthews Lois1,Soler Zachary M.1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina

2. Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina

3. Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina

Abstract

Background Current clinical classifications of olfactory function are based primarily upon a percentage of correct answers in olfactory identification testing. This simple classification provides little insight into etiologies of olfactory loss, associated comorbidities, or impact on the quality of life (QOL). Methods Community-based subjects underwent olfactory psychophysical testing using Sniffin Sticks to measure threshold (T), discrimination (D), and identification (I). The cognitive screening was performed using Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Unsupervised clustering was performed based upon T, D, I, and MMSE. Post hoc differences in demographics, comorbidities, and QOL measures were assessed. Results Clustering of 219 subjects, mean age 51 years (range 20-93 years) resulted in 4 unique clusters. Cluster 1 was the largest and predominantly younger normosmics. Cluster 2 had the worst olfaction with impairment in nearly all aspects of olfaction and decreased MMSE scores. This cluster had higher rates of smoking, heart disease, and cancer and had the worst olfactory-specific QOL. Cluster 3 had normal MMSE with relative preservation of D and I, but severely impaired T. This cluster had higher rates of smoking and heart disease with moderately impaired QOL. Cluster 4 was notable for the worst MMSE scores, but general preservation of D and I with moderate loss of T. This cluster had higher rates of Black subjects, diabetes, and viral/traumatic olfactory loss. Conclusion Unsupervised clustering based upon detailed olfactory testing and cognitive testing results in clinical phenotypes with unique risk factors and QOL impacts. These clusters may provide additional information regarding etiologies and subsequent therapies to treat olfactory loss.

Funder

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

General Medicine,Otorhinolaryngology,Immunology and Allergy

Cited by 2 articles. 订阅此论文施引文献 订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献

1. Visual and bibliometric analysis of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps;Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: Global;2024-05

2. Finding Professional Engagement and Connection Through Scholarly Activity;American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy;2022-10-08

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