Detection of Anaplasma Marginale DNA in Bovine Erythrocytes by Slot-Blot and in Situ Hybridization with a PCR-Mediated Digoxigenin-Labeled DNA Probe

Abstract

A 409-base pair (bp) DNA fragment derived from the msp-1β gene of Anaplasma marginale was amplified and simultaneously labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The resulting digoxigenin-labeled 409-bp PCR product was used as a probe for slot-blot and in situ hybridization to detect A. marginale DNA from experimentally infected bovine erythrocytes. The hybrid formation was detected with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody and substrates 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium salt. In slot-blot hybridizations, the probe detected A. marginale DNA from approximately 1,000-10,000 infected erythrocytes in 1.25 ml of whole blood, which is equivalent to a parasitemia level of 0.00001%. The probe proved to be A. marginale-specific when tested with 17 species of microorganisms. The applicability of the probe for diagnosis was tested by screening A. marginale infections in 2 experimentally infected splenectomized cattle before microscopically detectable parasitemias and after acute infection. After inoculation of infected blood, A. marginale infections were detected with the probe 14 days prior to detection in stained smears. Microscopically inapparent parasitemias were also detected with the probe for 2 months after acute disease. When the probe was used for in situ hybridization on methanol-fixed blood smears, probe reaction could be visualized with light microscopy on A. marginale inclusions within infected erythrocytes. The probe reaction was not observed on leukocytes and uninfected erythrocytes from infected blood smears, on erythrocytes from uninfected blood samples, or on samples infected with A. ovis, Babesia bovis, or B. bigemina. This PCR-mediated nonradioactive probe appears to be a sensitive diagnostic test for A. marginale.