Comparison of 4 laboratory tests for the detection of bovine rabies viral infection in Paraguay: fluorescent antibody test, rapid detection test, histologic lesions, and RT-PCR

Abstract

Rabies virus (RABV; Lyssavirus rabies) is a neurotropic virus that can be transmitted to mammals by the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus. An accurate, accessible method for the detection of RABV in cattle is necessary in Paraguay; thus, we evaluated the detection of RABV using 4 techniques: fluorescent antibody test (FAT), immunochromatography rapid detection test (RDT; Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag test kit; Bionote), a reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay, and histologic lesions in different portions of the CNS of 49 Paraguayan cattle to determine the most sensitive and specific technique. By FAT and RDT, 15 of 49 (31%) samples were positive. By RT-PCR amplification of N and G genes, 13 of 49 (27%) and 12 of 49 (25%) were positive, respectively. RDT had high agreement with FAT (kappa = 1); sensitivity was 100% (95% CI: 97–100%) and specificity was 100% (95% CI: 99–100%). The amplification of the N and G genes resulted in substantial agreement (kappa of 0.9 and 0.8, respectively) compared with FAT, and the sensitivity and specificity of the N gene were 87% (95% CI: 66–100%) and 100% (95% CI: 98–100%), respectively, and those of the G gene were 80% (95% CI: 56–100%) and 100% (95% CI: 98–100%), respectively. Histologic lesions observed were lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis, gliosis, and neuronophagia. The agreement observed between the FAT and RDT tests suggests that RDT is an accurate tool for the detection of RABV. Histopathology can be used to confirm lesions caused by RABV and to rule out other conditions; the RT-PCR assay is useful for molecular epidemiology studies.