Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2, 2010–2023: a review of global detections and affected species

Author:

Asin Javier1ORCID,Calvete Carlos2,Uzal Francisco A.1ORCID,Crossley Beate M.3ORCID,Duarte Margarida Dias4,Henderson Eileen E.1ORCID,Abade dos Santos Fábio45ORCID

Affiliation:

1. California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino, CA, USA

2. Animal Science Department, Agri-Food Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Agri-Food Institute of Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain

3. Davis, CA, USA

4. National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal

5. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusofona University, Lisboa, Portugal

Abstract

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2/genotype GI.2 (RHDV2/GI.2; Caliciviridae, Lagovirus) causes a highly contagious disease with hepatic necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in several Leporidae species. RHDV2 was first detected in European rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus) in France in 2010 and has since spread widely. We gather here data on viral detections reported in various countries and affected species, and discuss pathology, genetic differences, and novel diagnostic aspects. RHDV2 has been detected almost globally, with cases reported in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia, and North America as of 2023. Since 2020, large scale outbreaks have occurred in the United States and Mexico and, at the same time, cases have been reported for the first time in previously unaffected countries, such as China, Japan, Singapore, and South Africa, among others. Detections have been notified in domestic and wild European rabbits, hares and jackrabbits ( Lepus spp.), several species of cottontail and brush rabbits ( Sylvilagus spp.), pygmy rabbits ( Brachylagus idahoensis), and red rock rabbits ( Pronolagus spp.). RHDV2 has also been detected in a few non-lagomorph species. Detection of RHDV2 causing RHD in Sylvilagus spp. and Leporidae species other than those in the genera Oryctolagus and Lepus is very novel. The global spread of this fast-evolving RNA virus into previously unexploited geographic areas increases the likelihood of host range expansion as new species are exposed; animals may also be infected by nonpathogenic caliciviruses that are disseminated by almost all species, and with which genetic recombination may occur.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Reference199 articles.

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1. Special issue on lagomorph disease investigations;Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation;2024-09-12

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