Prethrombotic State Due to Hypercoagulability in Patients with Permanent Transvenous Pacemakers

Abstract

Venous thrombosis is a relatively usual but serious complication of permanent transve nous pacing. However, the pathogenesis has not been defined. To clarify underlying abnormalities in the coagulation-fibrinolysis system in patients with permanent trans venous pacemakers, we measured serum levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TATs), plasmin-α2 plasmin inhibitor complexes (PICs), D-dimer (D-D), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and platelet factor 4 (PF4) in 53 patients with permanent transvenous pacemakers and 10 control subjects. The patients were divided into two groups, as follows, according to the presence of mural thrombus documented along the pacing lead(s) by digital subtraction angiography and trans esophageal echocardiography: Group Th (-), patients without venous route thrombus; and Group Th (+), patients with venous route thrombus. FPA and TAT levels increased significantly even in Group Th (-), and further increased in Group Th (+) compared with control subjects (FPA: 7.5 ±4.9, 15.3 ±8.8 vs 3.0 ±1.4 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05; TAT: 2.9 ±1.3, 4.8 ± 2.3 vs 1.7 ±0.6 ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05). There were no differences in levels of D-D, PIC, β-TG, and PF4 among control subjects, Group Th (-), and Group Th (+). These findings suggest that the hypercoagulable state appears in patients with permanent transvenous pacemakers, even without apparent venous throm bosis. The patients with permanent transvenous pacemakers are thought to be in the prethrombotic state even if they have no venous route thrombosis.