Engineering biological gradients

Author:

Sardelli L1,Pacheco DP1ORCID,Zorzetto L2,Rinoldi C3,Święszkowski W3,Petrini P1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

2. Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium

3. Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Abstract

Biological gradients profoundly influence many cellular activities, such as adhesion, migration, and differentiation, which are the key to biological processes, such as inflammation, remodeling, and tissue regeneration. Thus, engineered structures containing bioinspired gradients can not only support a better understanding of these phenomena, but also guide and improve the current limits of regenerative medicine. In this review, we outline the challenges behind the engineering of devices containing chemical-physical and biomolecular gradients, classifying them according to gradient-making methods and the finalities of the systems. Different manufacturing processes can generate gradients in either in-vitro systems or scaffolds, which are suitable tools for the study of cellular behavior and for regenerative medicine; within these, rapid prototyping techniques may have a huge impact on the controlled production of gradients. The parallel need to develop characterization techniques is addressed, underlining advantages and weaknesses in the analysis of both chemical and physical gradients.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Biomedical Engineering,Biomaterials,General Medicine,Bioengineering,Biophysics

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