Predictors of Effort–Reward Imbalance Among Employees Providing Three Types of Long-Term Care Services in Japan: Implications for Employee Well-Being

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify predictive factors of effort–reward imbalance (ERI) among employees in multiple long-term care settings in Japan. This cross-sectional study by convenience sampling included 944 participants providing three types of long-term care: home-based ( n = 201), community-based ( n = 128), and institutional ( n = 615). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with self-reported ERI. Low job satisfaction, being a care manager, holding a position of department head, working long hours, and having family-related stress were the common factors associated with ERI in employees across all three types of long-term care setting. Long-term care providers should consider the needs of care recipients and their family, as well as the needs of care employees, maximizing rewards so that turnover can be reduced and the diversity of individual work–family needs can be accommodated across multiple forms of long-term care settings.