Cutaneous adverse drug reactions among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in a tertiary care hospital in Johor, Malaysia

Abstract

Background Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs) among people living with HIV (PLWH) are common. Data on drug eruptions among PLWH in Malaysia are limited. Thus, our study aimed to determine the clinical patterns of cADRs among PLWH and the risk factors associated with severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among PLWH who developed cADRs presenting to our dermatology clinic from June 2020 to December 2020. The Naranjo scale was used for drug causality assessment. Results A total of 78 PLWH were recruited with a male-to-female ratio of 12:1. The maculopapular eruption was the commonest type of cADRs (75.6%), followed by drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) (15.4%). SCAR is defined as a potentially life-threatening, immunologically mediated, drug-induced disease, accounting for 17.9% of the cases. Most of the patients were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (85.9%), with efavirenz + tenofovir/emtricitabine being the most common combination (80.6%). Efavirenz (51.3%) was the main culprit drug implicated, followed by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (23.1%) and nevirapine (11.5%). CD4 T-cell count <100 cells/μL ( p = 0.006) was the independent risk factor for SCAR. Most cases had probable causal relationships with the culprit drugs (84.6%) and were not preventable (93.6%). Conclusions The commonest cADR seen in PLWH was maculopapular eruption, while efavirenz, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and nevirapine were the three main implicated drugs. Most of the cases had probable drug causality and were not preventable. PLWH with CD4 count <100 cells/μL were particularly at risk of developing SCAR. Overall, this study showed that immune suppression and polypharmacy as a consequence of opportunistic infection prophylaxis are important factors contributing to the increased risk of ADRs among PLWH.