Granulomatous interstitial nephritis in the setting of disseminated Mycobacterium simiae: a rare presentation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

Abstract

Disseminated Mycobacterium simiae is a rare opportunistic infection reported most commonly in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Treatment can be further complicated by the occurrence of severe immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We present the first case of disseminated multi-drug-resistant M. simiae in the setting of advanced HIV, complicated by IRIS in the form of granulomatous interstitial nephritis causing acute renal failure. This case highlights the importance of recognizing rare complications of IRIS, as delays in therapy can be life threatening.