Hemorrhagic brain lesions in a newly diagnosed HIV-1 infected patient

Abstract

We report the case of a previously healthy 29-year-old man who has sex with men who was admitted with sub-acute onset of headache, seizures and altered mental status. Physical examination revealed oral thrush, mental confusion and right hemiparesis. An unenhanced computed tomography of the brain revealed multiple rounded hemorrhages associated with perilesional edema and no enhancement was seen after contrast infusion. A rapid test for HIV-1 was positive and the CD4 T-lymphocyte count was 120 cells/mm3. Pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine plus folinic acid and dexamethasome were started. After two weeks of treatment, the clinical condition and neuroimaging of the patient remained unaltered. A stereotactic brain biopsy was performed and the histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hemorrhagic toxoplasmosis. After a longer course of anti-Toxoplasma treatment due to an incomplete clinical and radiological response, the patient was discharged home. Hemorrhagic toxoplasmosis is a rare presentation of cerebral toxoplasmosis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic cerebral lesions in HIV-infected patients in order to initiate specific treatment promptly.