Quality of sleep in people living with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral treatment

Abstract

Purpose Although HIV infection has become a chronic disease, people living with HIV (PLWHIV) often develop disorders that affect their quality of life. Sleep disturbances could occur in all stages of infection and lead to fatigue, increased risk for comorbidities and reduced adherence to treatment. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the quality of sleep in PLWHIV monitored at the HIV Unit of the University General Hospital of Evros (Greece). Methods Patients completed self-reported questionnaires including restless legs syndrome (RLS) questionnaire, the Epworth Scale, the Athens Insomnia Scale, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale - HADS, the SleepF Quality Scale MOS, the STOP BANG questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, data of HIV infection and clinical factors were recorded. Results A total of 154 patients, 120 males, were included in the study. The percentage of patients diagnosed with RLS was 26.6% and the corresponding percentage of insomnia 55.2%. OSA was documented in 35% of patients. High prevalence of depression (46.1%) and anxiety (54.54%) was reported. Detectable viral load, low CD4 cell count and limited physical activity ( p < 0.001) were significant risk factors for increased incidence rate of sleep disturbances. Sleep disorders were not proven to be associated with newer antiretroviral regimens. Conclusions Sleep disturbances were reported in high frequency in PLWHIV affecting their quality of life and increasing symptoms of depression and anxiety. It is vital to add sleep assessment into routine care and find efficient interventions in order to improve quality of life, mental health and adherence to antiretroviral treatment.