What the Controversies Over the Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Tell Us About the Debates Between Objectivists and Social Constructionists

Abstract

Some social analyses of scientific knowledge are based on objectivist assumptions, whereas others assume that scientific knowledge is socially constructed. The condemna tion of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by the antismoking movement affects the life of virtually every American and uncounted millions of others throughout the world. Investigators who argue that ETS causes lung cancer claim the influence, objectivity, and authority of scientific mquiry, whereas critics of the results of the investigations argue that the conclusion that ETS causes lung cancer is unwarranted. The present study uses this fascinating and important sociotechnical controversy to shed light on the debate between objectivists and social constructionists and reaches the conclusion that the condemnation of ETS is a deliberate social construction of an elite social movement that mixes advocacy with alleged objective inquiry. The tobacco industry has moved the dispute into the federal courts, and so the "truth" of the matter will be decided ultimately not by technical debate but by judicial rulings and political processes.