The Somali Distress and Resilience Scale: Development of a novel measure for Somali adults

Author:

Terrana Alec1ORCID,Bruno William2,Ibrahim Najla3,Kaiser Bonnie N.4,Wei Jenny5,Al-Delaimy Wael6

Affiliation:

1. School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

2. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

3. Somali Family Service of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

4. Department of Anthropology and Global Health Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

5. Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

6. School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

Abstract

Although resilience has been identified as an important mediator of negative mental health outcomes among refugee populations, there are few culturally specific measures of resilience among such communities and no such measure among Somalis. In this study we aimed to develop a culturally appropriate measure of resilience specific to Somali adults in San Diego, as an example of a vulnerable refugee community. A community-based, exploratory sequential mixed method investigation was conducted via focus group discussions ( n = 4), cognitive interviews ( n = 4), and iterative survey adaptation. Somali refugee adults in San Diego ( N = 183) were surveyed with this novel scale, a standardized measure of resilience, and assessments of depression, anxiety, and PTSD. Results were analyzed via correlation coefficients and multivariate linear regression modeling. Qualitative findings supported the inclusion of items addressing both barriers and facilitators of good mental health, which resulted in the development of the Somali Distress and Resilience Survey (SDRS). Linear regression analysis revealed that the SDRS demonstrated significant associations with symptoms of depression and PTSD, while the standardized measure of resilience did not demonstrate associations with any of the mental health outcomes assessed. The SDRS identified obstacles to resilience among Somali individuals, placing them at risk of developing negative mental health outcomes. Our novel measure also demonstrated more robust relationships with these outcomes than a standardized measure of resilience, suggesting greater utility of the adapted scale. However, the SDRS's development raises larger questions about the limitations of developing and comprehensively evaluating novel resilience measures in a community-based setting.

Funder

UC San Diego, School of Medicine, Global Health Academic Concentration

UC San Diego, Global Health Institute

UC San Diego, Friends of the International Center

Publisher

SAGE Publications

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