Land Reform Management in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe

Abstract

This article compares land reform management in Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe—three countries in Southern Africa sharing a similar history of race-based minority rule characterized by extensive land expropriation that pushed indigenous black populations into unfertile reserves during the colonial era. Although each of the three countries has pressures for land redistribution resulting in land invasions, they have had very different reactions and approaches to the management of land reform issues that they face. While the Zimbabwean government has supported and encouraged land invasions resulting in a chaotic land management process, the Namibian and the South African governments have had very little sympathy with land invaders and have insisted on an orderly process. What accounts for these different reactions in the management of land reform? What are the dynamics at play in encouraging the forceful distribution of land in Zimbabwe but not in Namibia and South Africa? Examining the extensive literature and research available, this conceptual article compares the dilemmas that the three countries face and discusses the way they have managed land reform. The rationale for the article is that land reform (and the accompanying land redistribution) is important for buying social peace in communities where land alienation meant extreme forms of land division by race. The manner in which land reform is managed might condition the social and political stability of the three countries.