The Effects of Dietary T-2 Toxin on Acute Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Mice

Abstract

Young male white Swiss mice were fed control diet or diet supplemented with 20 or 10 parts per million (ppm) of T-2 toxin for two or three weeks. These mice then were inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (9.6 x 106 plaque forming units) intraperitoneally. To compare the effects of T-2 toxin against a known immunosuppressive drug, cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally at 150 mg/kg, 24 hours after treatment with HSV-1, into mice fed the control diet. Mice were necropsied and tissues were collected for microscopic and virologic examination. White Swiss mice which consumed a daily diet containing 20 ppm of T-2 toxin for two or three weeks were highly susceptible to HSV-1 infection and 27 of 36 (75%) died as a result of extensive hepatic and adrenal necrosis. Although HSV-1 was isolated from livers and brains of mice fed 20 ppm of T-2 toxin for two or three weeks, there was little or no inflammatory response found in the adrenals, livers, spinal cords, brains, or ganglia. The necrotizing encephalomyelitis observed in control mice was absent. High levels of dietary T-2 toxin appeared to be more immunosuppressive than cyclophosphamide because only one mouse died after treatment with HSV-1 and cyclophosphamide. Mice treated with cyclophosphamide had changes in brain, spinal cord, spleens, thymus, and bone marrow which were similar to those fed 20 ppm of T-2 toxin and infected with HSV-1, however, liver lesions were much less severe. HSV-1-infected mice on a diet with 10 ppm T-2 toxin had lesions of intermediate severity when compared with HSV-1-infected mice fed a diet with 20 ppm T-2 toxin and HSV-1-infected mice on control diets. Necrosis was less extensive in the livers and adrenals. The infrequent isolation of virus from liver and brain was consistent with the lack of intranuclear inclusion bodies and a more marked inflammatory response. Ten ppm of dietary T-2 toxin only depressed bone marrow and splenic red pulp to a mild or moderate degree. This may have enhanced the necrotizing encephalomyelitis observed in mice killed on days 6 and 8 after HSV-1 infection. Liver lesions were mild and those of the adrenals were moderate in mice fed control diet. The rare isolation of HSV-1 from the liver and brain and the finding of a moderate to severe necrotizing encephalomyelitis in these mice was consistent with an essentially functional immune system.