Serum and BAL cytokine and antioxidant enzyme levels at different stages of pneumoconiosis in coal workers

Abstract

Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) is an occupational pulmonary disease that occurs by chronic inhalation of coal dust. CWP is divided into two stages depending on the extent of the disease, as simple pneumoconiosis (SP) and progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). In the present study, serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytokine (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]) and antioxidant enzymes levels, their relation with the disease severity, and whether they can be considered as biological markers were investigated. Serum and BAL levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in SP and PMF patient groups compared with that in active and retired miner groups. Serum and BAL IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were also found to be higher in patients with PMF compared with the SP group. BAL superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase levels and serum SOD level were increased in both patient groups compared with the control group. In addition, mean serum and BAL TGF-β levels were found to be increased in patients with SP compared with PMF group. Based on these results, BAL and serum cytokine and antioxidant enzymes levels were evaluated and discussed as potential biomarkers for different stages of CWP.