Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio as an inflammatory biomarker of diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A comparative cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to determine the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as an inflammatory biomarker among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study design was conducted on 199 T2DM patients attending Bole 17 Health Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The urine albumin test was done by the MICRAL-II test strip. Fasting blood sugar was measured by a glucometer. Complete blood count was analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer (HUMAN GmbH, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany). The student’s t-test, a chi-square test, and Pearson correlation were applied to analyze the data. Results: Out of the 199 diabetes mellitus patients, 45 (22.6%) and 154 (77.4%) were found with DN and without DN, respectively. Interestingly, the mean NLR value (2.66 ± 0.49) was found significantly higher in diabetic patients with DN compared to the mean NLR (1.65 ± 0.20) in diabetes patients without DN ( p < 0.0001). The NLR showed positive significant correlation with variables such as age ( r = 0.162, p = 0.023), duration of disease ( r = 0.52, p < 0.0001), absolute neutrophil count ( r = 0.712, p < 0.0001), total white blood cell count ( r = 0.162, p = 0.022), systolic blood pressure ( r = 0.338, p < 0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure ( r = 0.731, p < 0.0001). On the other hand, negatively significant correlation was found between NLR and absolute lymphocyte count ( r = −0.770, p < 0.000). Conclusion: The NLR was significantly increased in T2DM patients with DN, suggesting that inflammation and endothelial dysfunction could be an integral part of the pathogenesis of DN, and therefore, this ratio may be considered as a predictor and a prognostic biomarker of DN.