Night cooling by hybrid ventilation – analytical predictions of the purge time

Abstract

Many low-energy buildings rely on a night purge strategy during periods of excessively warm weather in order to flush out excess heat and thereby help prevent overheating on the following day. A typical purge utilises either a mechanical or a natural displacement ventilation strategy. However, we investigate purging by the simultaneous application of natural and mechanical ventilation, i.e. using a hybrid strategy. Hybrid ventilation is widely promoted as a means of overcoming the inherent limitations of both natural and mechanical ventilation, although relatively little is understood about its operation on a fundamental level. Such was the lack of knowledge on hybrid ventilation that even the time taken to complete a purge was not known at the outset of this work. Through the development of a mathematical model, supported by a series of laboratory experiments, we show that the time taken to purge a room using hybrid ventilation can be established analytically, and is controlled by two ratios: (i) the flow rate of the mechanical supply (the ‘forcing’) relative to the initial flow rate through the vents in the absence of mechanical forcing, and (ii) the ratio of the floor-level and ceiling-level vent areas. The analytical predictions show close agreement with our measurements. Supplementing a natural displacement ventilation strategy with even a modest mechanical supply can reduce significantly the time taken to purge warm air from a room. Some of the implications of our findings for preventing overheating in buildings by increasing the efficacy of a night cooling strategy are discussed. Practical Application This research is directly applicable to practitioners involved in the first-order design of hybrid ventilation systems – particularly designs which incorporate a ‘night purge’ regime. Governing equations are derived and the key parameters controlling the rate of purging of warm air are revealed, allowing informed first-order design decisions to be made without the need for expensive and time-consuming computational simulations.