Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models

Author:

Kosakowska-Berezecka Natasza1ORCID,Bosson Jennifer K.2ORCID,Jurek Paweł1,Besta Tomasz1ORCID,Olech Michał3,Vandello Joseph A.2,Bender Michael4,Dandy Justine5,Hoorens Vera6,Jasinskaja-Lahti Inga7,Mankowski Eric8,Venäläinen Satu7ORCID,Abuhamdeh Sami9,Agyemang Collins Badu10,Akbaş Gülçin11,Albayrak-Aydemir Nihan1213ORCID,Ammirati Soline14,Anderson Joel1516,Anjum Gulnaz17ORCID,Ariyanto Amarina18,Aruta John Jamir Benzon R.1920,Ashraf Mujeeba21ORCID,Bakaitytė Aistė22,Becker Maja23ORCID,Bertolli Chiara24,Bërxulli Dashamir25,Best Deborah L.26ORCID,Bi Chongzeng27ORCID,Block Katharina28,Boehnke Mandy29,Bongiorno Renata30,Bosak Janine31,Casini Annalisa32,Chen Qingwei33ORCID,Chi Peilian34ORCID,Cubela Adoric Vera35ORCID,Daalmans Serena36,de Lemus Soledad37,Dhakal Sandesh38ORCID,Dvorianchikov Nikolay39ORCID,Egami Sonoko40,Etchezahar Edgardo41,Esteves Carla Sofia42,Froehlich Laura43ORCID,Garcia-Sanchez Efrain37ORCID,Gavreliuc Alin44,Gavreliuc Dana44,Gomez Ángel45,Guizzo Francesca46,Graf Sylvie47,Greijdanus Hedy48,Grigoryan Ani49,Grzymała-Moszczyńska Joanna50ORCID,Guerch Keltouma5152,Gustafsson Sendén Marie53,Hale Miriam-Linnea54,Hämer Hannah55,Hirai Mika56,Hoang Duc Lam57,Hřebíčková Martina47,Hutchings Paul B.58,Jensen Dorthe Høj59,Karabati Serdar60ORCID,Kelmendi Kaltrina25ORCID,Kengyel Gabriella61,Khachatryan Narine49ORCID,Ghazzawi Rawan4,Kinahan Mary62,Kirby Teri A.63ORCID,Kovacs Monika64,Kozlowski Desiree65,Krivoshchekov Vladislav66ORCID,Kryś Kuba67,Kulich Clara68ORCID,Kurosawa Tai69,Lac An Nhan Thi70,Labarthe-Carrara Javier71,Lauri Mary Anne72,Latu Ioana73,Lawal Abiodun Musbau74,Li Junyi75,Lindner Jana76,Lindqvist Anna77,Maitner Angela T.78,Makarova Elena76,Makashvili Ana79,Malayeri Shera66,Malik Sadia80,Mancini Tiziana81,Manzi Claudia82,Mari Silvia83ORCID,Martiny Sarah E.84,Mayer Claude-Hélène85,Mihić Vladimir86ORCID,MiloševićĐorđević Jasna87,Moreno-Bella Eva88,Moscatelli Silvia89,Moynihan Andrew Bryan90,Muller Dominique14,Narhetali Erita91ORCID,Neto Félix92ORCID,Noels Kimberly A.93,Nyúl Boglárka64,O’Connor Emma C.8,Ochoa Danielle P.94,Ohno Sachiko95,Olanrewaju Adebayo Sulaiman96,Osborne Randall97ORCID,Pacilli Maria Giuseppina98,Palacio Jorge99,Patnaik Snigdha100,Pavlopoulos Vassilis101,de León Pablo Pérez71,Piterová Ivana102,Porto Juliana Barreiros55,Puzio Angelica103,Pyrkosz-Pacyna Joanna104,Rentería Pérez Erico105,Renström Emma106,Rousseaux Tiphaine23,Ryan Michelle K.48107,Safdar Saba108,Sainz Mario109,Salvati Marco110,Samekin Adil111,Schindler Simon112,Sevincer A. Timur113,Seydi Masoumeh66,Shepherd Debra114,Sherbaji Sara78115,Schmader Toni116,Simão Cláudia117,Sobhie Rosita118,Sobiecki Jurand1,De Souza Lucille116,Sarter Emma33,Sulejmanović Dijana119,Sullivan Katie E.58,Tatsumi Mariko120,Tavitian-Elmadjian Lucy121,Thakur Suparna Jain122,Thi Mong Chi Quang57,Torre Beatriz94,Torres Ana123,Torres Claudio V.55,Türkoğlu Beril124,Ungaretti Joaquín41,Valshtein Timothy125,Van Laar Colette6,van der Noll Jolanda43,Vasiutynskyi Vadym126,Vauclair Christin-Melanie127,Vohra Neharika128,Walentynowicz Marta32,Ward Colleen129,Włodarczyk Anna130,Yang Yaping131,Yzerbyt Vincent32,Zanello Valeska55,Zapata-Calvente Antonella Ludmila37,Zawisza Magdalena132,Žukauskienė Rita22,Żadkowska Magdalena1

Affiliation:

1. University of Gdańsk, Poland

2. University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

3. Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland

4. Tilburg University, The Netherlands

5. Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia

6. University of Leuven, Belgium

7. University of Helsinki, Finland

8. Portland State University, OR, USA

9. Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

10. University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana

11. Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey

12. London School of Economics and Political Science, UK

13. The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK

14. Université Grenoble Alpes, France

15. Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

16. La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

17. University of Oslo, Norway

18. University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

19. De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines

20. Sunway University, Malaysia

21. University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

22. Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania

23. CLLE, Université de Toulouse, France

24. University of Padova, Italy

25. University of Prishtina, Kosovo

26. Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

27. Southwest University, El Paso, TX, USA

28. University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

29. University of Bremen, Germany

30. University of Exeter, UK

31. Business School Dublin City University, Ireland

32. Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

33. South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China

34. University of Macau, China

35. University of Zadar, Croatia

36. Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

37. University of Granada, Spain

38. Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal

39. Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Russia

40. Shiraume Gakuen University, Kodaira, Japan

41. University of Buenos Aires, Argentina

42. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal

43. Fern Universität in Hagen, Germany

44. West University of Timisoara, Romania

45. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain

46. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

47. Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic

48. University of Groningen, The Netherlands

49. Yerevan State University, Armenia

50. Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

51. Mohamed I University, Oujda, Morocco

52. Centre Régional des Mètiers de l’Education et de la Formation de l’Oriental, Oujda, Morocco

53. Stockholm University, Sweden

54. University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

55. University of Brasília, Brazil

56. Yokohama City University, Japan

57. Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

58. University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, UK

59. Aarhus University, Denmark

60. Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey

61. Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary

62. Technological University Dublin, Ireland

63. Purde University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

64. Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary

65. Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia

66. University of Bern, Switzerland

67. Institute of Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

68. University of Geneva, Switzerland

69. Ibaraki Christian University, Hitachi, Japan

70. University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

71. Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay

72. University of Malta, Msida, Malta

73. Queen’s University Belfast, UK

74. Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria

75. Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China

76. University of Basel, Switzerland

77. Lund University, Sweden

78. American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

79. Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

80. University of Sargodha, Pakistan

81. University of Parma, Italy

82. Catholic University of Milan, Italy

83. University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy

84. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

85. University of Johannesburg, South Africa

86. University of Novi Sad, Serbia

87. Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia

88. University of Córdoba, Spain

89. University of Bologna, Italy

90. University of Limerick, Ireland

91. Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia

92. Universidade do Porto, Portugal

93. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada

94. University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

95. Shirayuri University, Chofu, Japan

96. Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

97. Texas State University, San Marcos, USA

98. University of Perugia, Italy

99. Universidad del Norte, Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia

100. Xavier University of Bhubaneswar, India

101. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

102. Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

103. New York University, USA

104. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

105. University of Valle, Cali, Colombia

106. Kristianstad University, Sweden

107. The Australian National University, Australia

108. University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

109. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

110. University of Verona, Italy

111. School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan

112. University of Kassel, Germany

113. University of Hamburg, Germany

114. Stellenbosch University, South Africa

115. University College London, UK

116. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

117. Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics, Portugal

118. Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname

119. University of Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina

120. Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan

121. Haigazian University, Beirut, Lebanon

122. University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

123. Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

124. TED University, Turkey

125. Harvard University, USA

126. National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

127. Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal

128. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India

129. Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

130. Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile

131. Ningbo University, China

132. Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

Abstract

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries ( N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings.

Publisher

SAGE Publications

Subject

Clinical Psychology,Social Psychology

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