The Lure of Beauty: People Select Representations of Statistical Information Largely Based on Attractiveness, Not Comprehensibility

Abstract

Objective People differ in whether they understand graphical or numerical representations of statistical information better. However, assessing these skills is often not feasible when deciding which representation to select or use. This study investigates whether people choose the representation they understand better, whether this choice can improve risk comprehension, and whether results are influenced by participants’ skills (graph literacy and numeracy). Methods In an experiment, 160 participants received information about the benefits and side effects of painkillers using either a numerical or a graphical representation. In the “no choice” condition, the representation was randomly assigned to each participant. In the “choice” condition, participants could select the representation they would like to receive. The study assessed gist and verbatim knowledge (immediate comprehension and recall), accessibility of the information, attractiveness of the representation, as well as graph literacy and numeracy. Results In the “choice” condition, most (62.5%) chose the graphical format, yet there was no difference in graph literacy or numeracy (nor age or gender) between people who chose the graphical or the numerical format. Whereas choice slightly increased verbatim knowledge, it did not improve gist or overall knowledge compared with random assignment. However, participants who chose a representation rated the representation as more attractive, and those who chose graphs rated them as more accessible than those without a choice. Limitations The sample consisted of highly educated undergraduate students with higher graph literacy than the general population. The task was inconsequential for participants in terms of their health. Conclusions When people can choose between representations, they fail to identify what they comprehend better but largely base that choice on how attractive the representation is for them. Highlights People differ systematically in whether they understand graphical or numerical representations of statistical information better. However, assessing these underlying skills to get the right representation to the right people is not feasible in practice. A simple and efficient method to achieve this could be to let people choose among representations themselves. However, our study showed that allowing participants to choose a representation (numerical v. graphical) did not improve overall or gist knowledge compared with determining the representation randomly, even though it did slightly improve verbatim knowledge. Rather, participants largely chose the representation they found more attractive. Most preferred the graphical representation, including those with low graph literacy. It would therefore be important to develop graphical representations that are not only attractive but also comprehensible even for people with low graph literacy.