1. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
2. Scottish Ambulance Service, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
3. Smith School of Business, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
4. MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
5. Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
6. Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
7. Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, ON, Canada