Immunosuppressive agents for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of clinical trials and their current development stage

Abstract

Aims: With the arrival of conventional synthetic (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDS) and then targeted synthetic (tsDMARDs) disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, the therapeutic arsenal against rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has recently expanded. However, there are still some unmet needs for patients who do not achieve remission and continue to worsen despite treatments. Of note, most randomized controlled trials show that, for methotrexate-inadequate responders, only 20% of patients are ACR70 responders. With our better understanding of RA pathogenesis, finding new treatments is a necessary challenge. The objective of our study was to analyse the whole pipeline of immunosuppressive and immunomodulating drugs evaluated in RA and describe their mechanisms of action and stage of clinical development. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of all drugs in clinical development in RA, in 17 online registries of clinical trials. Results: The search yielded 4652 trials, from which we identified 243 molecules. Those molecules belong to csDMARDs ( n = 22), bDMARDs ( n = 118), tsDMARDs ( n = 103). Twenty-four molecules are already marketed in RA in at least one country: eight csDMARDs, 10 bDMARDs and six tsDMARDs. Molecules under current development are mainly bDMARDs ( n = 34) and tsDMARDs ( n = 33). Seven of those have reached phase III. A large number of molecules (150/243, 61.7%) have been withdrawn. Conclusion: Despite the availability of 24 marketed molecules, the development of new targeted molecules is ongoing with a total of 243 molecules in RA. With seven molecules currently reaching phase III, we can expect an increase in the armamentarium in the years to come.