Penile Replantation: A Review of Microsurgical Techniques, Patient Outcomes, and Solutions to Complex Reconstructive Challenges

Abstract

Introduction: Penile amputation is a rare urological emergency with varying etiologies, ranging from psychiatric disorders to traumatic injuries, and requires precise microsurgical replantation techniques to restore function and appearance. The popularization of microsurgery has greatly improved outcomes by enabling accurate vascular and nerve reattachments, which are crucial for erectile function and sensation. This comprehensive study reviews advancements in microsurgical penile replantation, perioperative, and postoperative care, focusing on the nuances of surgical interventions and potential complications such as ischemia and necrosis. Methods: The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, were queried for studies published between 2015 and 2023 that discussed preoperative conditions, surgical techniques, and postoperative outcomes in penile replantation cases. Resulting studies that reported preoperative and postoperative outcomes of at least one case of penile replantation after amputation were included. Case parameters of interest were then extracted and categorized to determine the most common complications as well as solutions utilized in penile replantation. Results: Our findings from 46 cases across 37 studies revealed a common occurrence of postoperative necrosis (56.5%) and highlighted the importance of timely vascular reconnection and innovative surgical strategies to manage complications. Three cases were complicated by scrotal hematomas and 23 cases reported at least one psychiatric comorbidity. Some innovative solutions mentioned include hyperbaric oxygen therapy, laser angiography, leech therapy, PDE inhibitors, and penile splints. Conclusion: The outcomes suggest a critical need for standardized protocols and further research into optimizing techniques and therapies to enhance the success rates as well as quality of life post-replantation. This review aims to guide future practices and encourage collaborative efforts to refine the complex microsurgical procedures involved in penile replantation.