The ‘tears’ score: A tool for grading and monitoring epiphora

Abstract

Purpose To test the reliability, validity and utility of the TEARS score, a scale of clinical and patient-reported severity in patients with epiphora, comprising 4 subscales: Times wiping (T), clinical Effects (E), Activity limitation (A), and symptoms of Reflex epiphora (R). Methods The TEARS score was completed by 136 patients with epiphora (78 treated surgically, and 51 non-surgically). Inter-rater reliability was evaluated using Cohen's Kappa and Bland-Altman analysis. 129 (95%) participants were followed up 2–6 months after baseline (non-surgical patients) or 3–6 months post-operatively (surgical patients). For each TEARS subscale, differences in scores were compared. Convergent validity was evaluated by testing correlation between TEARS and both The Lacrimal Symptom Questionnaire (Lac-Q) and The Watery Eye Quality of Life Score (WEQOL). Results Inter-rater reliability (Cohen's K) ranged from 0.5 for ‘A’ and ‘R’ to 0.8 for ‘T’ and ‘E’ subscales. Scores were lower post-operatively in surgical patients (p < 0.001). ‘R’ scores (reflex tearing) were higher in non-surgical cases compared with surgical (p = 0.02) but no difference was observed in other subscales at baseline. TEARS subscale scores were positively correlated with both WEQOL (r = 0.51 to 0.73) and Lac-Q score (r = 0.55 to 0.63). Conclusion The TEARS score is quickly and easily implemented in a busy clinical setting. It provides an overview of both subjective and objective clinical severity in patients with epiphora, with appropriate reliability, post-operative responsiveness and convergent validity for this purpose and in this setting. It is a valuable template to be used alongside individualised symptomology.