Luhmann’s system theory in social work: Criticism and reflections

Abstract

• Summary: In this article Luhmann’s functionalist systems theory is examined and its relevance to social work questioned. What does the theory focus on? How does it understand the individual? What kind of communication does it involve? The answers draw on the theory of communicative action and the Swedish welfare model. • Findings: When using Luhmann’s systems theory social work will be reduced to an instrumental process. It implies that neither ethical nor moral arguments from outside will be able to influence the work. However, a citizen-oriented social service has to be attentive to the difficulties confronting individuals in their daily life. But, the communication model used in this theory limits the role of the individual by reducing mutual dialogues to one-sided information, supported by codes. This attitude is in opposition to demands for recognition and social support. Thus, Luhmann’s systems theory needs to be carefully considered when used in modern social work. • Applications: The analysis will increase and update the knowledge of some limitations with Luhmann’s functionalist systems theory used in social work