Perioperative Epidural Anaesthesia and Analgesia—An Appraisal of Its Role

Abstract

Perioperative epidural anaesthesia and analgesia (PEA) has become controversial because of its doubtful effect on patient outcome and its serious complications. These scientific considerations have been affected by the changing medicolegal climate in Australia and has led to a reappraisal of this technique in our practice of anaesthesia. Many anaesthetists are now uncertain about indications, consent requirements, optimal management and the prevention and early detection of complications of PEA. The aim of this paper is to present a personal perspective of the place and use of PEA in current anaesthetic practise. The primary indication for PEA should be pain relief for open abdominal or thoracic surgery because there is level 1 evidence that it provides better analgesia than parenteral opioids. There is reasonable evidence that outcome is improved but the studies are conflicting. Coagulation status needs to be assessed carefully before the insertion and removal of epidural catheters. Consent issues are difficult in practice, both from the timing and the content of the information. The decrease in the use of PEA may paradoxically result in more complications as loss of expertise becomes an issue. PEA is labour intensive and therefore needs the support of an Acute Pain Service in order to use this technique safely and recognise problems early. Permanent neurological complications are the most feared complication of this technique but early recognition of these problems can improve outcome. These complications need to be balanced against the potentially serious hypoxaemia associated with parenteral opioids used for postoperative pain relief.