Nutrition Status of Primary School Students in Two Rural Regions of Guinea-Bissau

Abstract

Background: The nutrition status of primary schoolchildren in Africa has received relatively little attention in comparison to that of younger children. We surveyed primary school students in Guinea-Bissau, a nation that is among the poorest in the world. Objective: Anthropometry and prevalence of anemia and vitamin A deficiency were assessed in schoolchildren participating in International Partnership for Human Development’s school feeding program in 2 regions of Guinea-Bissau. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 32 schools in the regions of Cacheu and Oio was conducted in November 2011. Variables included age, gender, weight, height, hemoglobin, and retinol-binding protein concentrations. Z scores for height for age (HAZ), body mass index for age (BAZ), and weight for age were calculated using World Health Organization reference data. Results: Anthropometric assessment of 4784 students revealed stunting (HAZ < −2) in 15.5%, thinness (BAZ < −2) in 13.2%, and anemia in 42.0%. Stunting, thinness, and anemia were significantly more common in males, in students from Oio, and in older students. Vitamin A deficiency, detected in 21.5% of the population, was the only assessment that did not demonstrate significant differences between genders or regions. About 61.1% of all children had 1 or more indicators of undernutrition. Conclusion: There are substantial rates of stunting, thinness, underweight, anemia, and vitamin A deficiency in primary schoolchildren in Guinea-Bissau, even among those participating in a school lunch program and particularly among males and older students. The results suggest the need for evaluating feeding programs and other methods to improve nutrition status in primary school students, especially in older students.